CD4 and infection: Martin-Jaular et al. have shown that exosomes from Plasmodium yoelii-infected reticulocytes protect mice from lethal infections, thereby opening new avenues for the modulation of anti-malaria responses [166], while Nanjundappa et al. have shown that a GP120-specific exosome-targeted T cell-based vaccine is capable of stimulating DC- and CD4+ T-independent CTL responses and may be useful in the induction of efficient CTL responses in AIDS patients with DC dysfunction and CD4+ T cell deficiency [167].