Several in vitro studies of Ct-infected epithelial cell lines have found that this infection provokes pro-inflammatory responses with epithelial cells producing inflammatory and chemotactic cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, growth-regulated oncogene α (GROα), and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) [45]–[47]. This evidence concerns the gene CSF2 and infection.