TGFB1 and breast cancer: Since in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that TGF-β promotes breast carcinogenesis by inducing EMT, invasion, and metastasis [4], [14], [19], [36], we analysed whether the permanent breast cancer cell lines (and primary Tu459 NSCLC cells as control) were capable of responding to TGF-β1 with increased migration and invasion in the RTCA assay.