PCA3 and prostate cancer: Development of a PCA3 diagnostic assay for prostate cancer, called the Progensa PCA3 test and marketed by the company Gen-Probe (recently acquired by Hologic, Bedford, MA, USA), represents the most effective clinical translation of a cancer-associated ncRNA, and the rapid timeline of this development—only 10 years between its initial description and a clinical test—suggests that the use of ncRNAs in clinical medicine is only beginning.