CD4 and anemia (phenotype): In the multivariate regression model, an increased odds of VL-/CD4+ compared to VL+/CD4+ was significantly associated with poor adherence as monitored by pharmacy refill records (OR 3.90; 95% CI: 1.92-8.24) and anemia (Hemoglobin < 10 g/dl) (OR 1.80; 95% CI: 1.13-2.85) while decreased odds was associated with post-secondary educational achievement (OR 0.40; 95% CI: 0.22-0.68) (Table 5).