PTEN and neoplasm: Large-scale genomic aberration and gene expression studies on gliomas have lead to identifications of genes, which are involved in numerous cellular functions and metabolic pathways (PCDH9, CXCL12, MYC, PDGFRA, PARK2, DMBT1, TOP2A, PTEN, ARF, TP53, P16, CDKN2B, RB1, EGFR, and NF1[9], [10], [11], [12], [13], [14], [15], [16], [17]), as well as those related to neural development, cell signaling (RAS/RAF, RTK, MAPK, PI3K, and ROCK), and tumor suppression (p53 and RB) [1], [6], [11], [16], [18], [19], [20], [21], [22], [23], [24], [25], [26], [27], [28].