PDP1 and breast cancer: Since STK11−/−/NIC mammary tumors exhibit a high concentration of lactate secretion (Fig. 4B), a characteristic of the Warburg effect, we investigated whether inhibition of mTORC1 and mTORC2 complexes would translate into changes in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) expression, as well as pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH).