NR4A1 and breast carcinoma: Preoperative or neoadjuvant chemotherapy is a standard of care for cases of breast cancer not amenable to conservative surgery.2,3 The achievement of a pathological complete response (pCR) has a prognostic value, regardless of the hormone receptor status of the tumour.4 Advantages of such approach include the possibility to perform smaller resections with better cosmetic outcome5,6 and an early assessment of response to chemotherapy.3,7 The pathological complete response rate is in the order of 20–25%, with a considerable degree of interstudy variability.3,8