Cytokines and chemokines that showed limited response in mice with any viral infection included Eotaxin, GM-CSF, IL-1α, M-CSF, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-7, IL-9, IL-12p40, IL-13, IL-15, IL-17, MIP2, LIX, MIP1β, RANTES, IL-12p70, and VEGF (data not shown). This evidence concerns the gene CCL5 and viral infectious disease.