TIMP1 and pulmonary emphysema: BALF TIMP-1 levels were also altered amongst the three study cohorts (TIMP-1 4.2±7.2 ng/ml in control, 11.5±11.8 ng/ml in smokers, 127.8±189.7 in emphysema; p<0.0001 by Kruskal-Wallis test) (Figure 1D).