Manganese influx was increased in both mdx and Sgcd-/- mice compared to C57 Bl10 mice at early (5 – 15 minutes) and steady state (10 – 25 minutes) stages following the start of the infusion (p<0.05, ANOVA) (Figure 5 a-d) as previously demonstrated [13], indicating in-vivo increased calcium influx occurring at an early stage in the development of the cardiomyopathy. Here, SGCD is linked to cardiomyopathy.