INS and Insulin resistance: Most studies adjusted for a wide range of potential confounders of the association between serum uric acid and risk of type 2 diabetes, including age, sex, BMI, blood pressure, other components of metabolic syndrome (HDL cholesterol, triglycerol and plasma glucose) and lifestyle (smoking, alcohol consumption and physical activity), some of them additionally adjusted for hereditary (family history of diabetes) and serum creatinine level (or eGFR), but only one additionally adjusted for insulin (or insulin resistance).