IFNB1 and HIV-1 infection: Peripheral blood leukocytes from untreated HIV-1-infected subjects did not express higher levels of IFNα or IFNβ mRNA than those from uninfected subjects (p = 0.981 and p = 0.298 respectively, Fig. 3A), suggesting that peripheral blood leukocytes are not the source of elevated IFNα in HIV-1 infection.