Of relevance, we have found that media conditioned by human HS-5 stromal cells, as well as a cocktail of cytokines secreted in high concentrations by HS-5 stroma (including SCF, IL-6, IL-8, IL-11, M-CSF and GM-CSF), were able to partially protect TKI-treated chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cells and AML cells [2], [3]. The gene discussed is CSF2; the disease is chronic myelogenous leukemia, BCR-ABL1 positive.