TNF and malaria: Compared to malaria-exposed adults, children also had higher levels of IL-12 (13.33 {0.75; 191.81} vs. 0.75 {0.75; 17.98} pg/mL; P = 0.0001), IL-4 (10.94 {10.4; 333.6} vs. 10.4 {10.4; 14.99} pg/mL; P = 0.003), IL-1β (2.1 {2.1; 132.18} vs. 2.1{2.1; 7.3} pg/mL; P = 0.024) and TNF (1.6 {1.6; 56.97} vs. 1.6 {1.6; 1.6} pg/mL; P = 0.006).