CCL2 and Alzheimer disease: AD patients showed lower MCP-1 levels (43 pg/ml ± 28 ) than CIND (88 pg/ml ± 38) and controls (66 pg/ml ± 50), differences in MCP-1 levels among the three groups were statistically significant and elevated in CIND (ANOVA test F= 15.695 p=0.0001; Post hoc comparison: AD vs CTR p=0.003; AD vs CIND p=0.0001; CIND vs CTR p=0.024).