In contrast, patients with paroxysmal AF (n=39) showed lower anti-HSP70 antibodies (median [IQR] of 43 [28 – 62] μg/ml) than patients with persistent AF (n=28; 53 [41 – 85] μg/ml, p=0.035). This evidence concerns the gene HSPA1A and Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.