CSF1 and infection: Figure 5 shows fold induction (relative to mock) of normalized levels of the two selected ISGs viperin (Figures 5(a) and 5(c)) and ISG56 (Figures 5(b) and 5(d)) with known antiviral functions [40, 41] in RNA harvested 6 h after stimulation with IFN-α or infection with Sendai virus or HIV-1 pWT/BaL. We observed that Sendai virus, which stimulates ISG expression via RIG-I [42], induced much higher responses in the RPMI M-CSF MDMs as compared to the Mac-SFM GM-CSF MDMs (Figure 5).