TNF and myelodysplastic syndrome: Finally, Feng et al. [53] investigated systemic levels for 33 cytokines and confirmed that age-dependent differences in serum cytokine/chemokine levels may occur, even though this is relatively uncommon for healthy individuals’ tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α and patients with nonmalignant aplastic anemia (CXCL5), but not for patients with preleukemic myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS).