HMGB1 and neoplasm: Real-time PCR analysis of HMGB1 mRNA expression revealed that the mRNA expression of HMGB1 was significantly upregul ated in BCa, and the mRNA expression in T2–T4 stage or high pathological grade tumor tissue was significantly higher than that in Ta-T1 stage or low pathological grade tumor tissue (Fig. 2A and B).