Studies have demonstrated that the α-fetoprotein (AFP) (15), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) (17), ubiquitin C (UbC) (18), murine albumin (mAlb) (11), prostate-specific antigen (PSA) (12) and the glucose transporter gene 1 (GTI-1.3) promoters (19) all lead to tumor-specific hNIS expression. Here, AFP is linked to neoplasm.