Of note, some resistant samples eventually exhibited an increase in proliferation in response to TRAIL treatment compared to untreated controls, in line with the observation that TRAIL can paradoxically stimulate non-apoptotic signaling pathways proliferation in apoptosis-resistant cancers, for example by activating nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB; Ehrhardt et al., 2003). The gene discussed is TNFSF10; the disease is cancer.