PIK3CD and acute myeloid leukemia: Since there is an autocrine/paracrine stimulation of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) in AML cells, which contribute to activation of PI3K signaling [18], we determined the protein expressions of IGF-1R and class I PI3K isoforms after a 6-hour exposure to increasing concentrations of SNS-032 (Figure 5A).