ADH4 and HIV-1 infection: Haorah and colleagues (2004) reported that Cyp2e1 activity was lower in monocyte-derived macrophages in the presence of HIV-1 infection, suggesting that the activity of EtOH metabolism-related genes, particularly the high kinetic activity enzymes such as Adh4 and Cyp2e1, may be lower during the course of HIV-1 infection (Edenberg, 2007; Zakhari, 2006).