CDH2 and ovarian carcinoma: When ovarian cancer cells were cultured, various TGF-βs, including TGF-β1, TGF-β2 and TGF-β3, induced pro-matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) secretion, the loss of cell-cell junctions, down-regulation of E-cadherin, up-regulation of N-cadherin, and the acquisition of a fibroblastoid phenotype, all of which are consistent with EMT [23-25].