Remarkably, ET-1 stimulation of cardiac myocytes also results in NFATc4-dependent up-regulation of hypertrophy response genes such as atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) [25], [26], potential markers of myocardial compromise in Chagas' disease [27], [28]. Here, NPPA is linked to Chagas disease.