In addition to the EPIYA-C effect, our data suggest that presence of EPIYA-A and EPIYA-B may marginally also contribute to IL-8 induction, because the CagA P12AB strain was able to induce significantly higher levels of IL-8 transcriptional activation compared to the P12CagAKO, yet similar to those observed following infection with the P12ABF and ABFF strains. This evidence concerns the gene S100A8 and infection.