VCAM1 and chronic kidney disease: [16], [17] Therefore, circulating levels of cell adhesion molecules which attract inflammatory cells were measured. [29] Compared with pre-dialysis CKD individuals, patients treated with dialysis had significantly elevated levels of soluble E-selectin (respective means±SD being 72±31 and 54±21 ng/ml, p = 0.03, Figure 4A), soluble P-selectin (75±27 versus 52±17 ng/ml, p = 0.001, Figure 4B) and soluble VCAM-1 (1.9±0.5 versus 1.3±0.4 μg/ml, p<0.0001, Figure 4C) but there was no difference in ICAM-1 (354±99 versus 341±91 ng/ml, Figure 4D).