CCL2 and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: This metabolic endotoxemia is considered a key inducer of metabolic syndrome [37], with multiple cytokines (Tnfα and IL-1β) and chemokines (e.g. Mcp-1) contributing to the progression of both alcoholic-liver disease (ALD) and NAFLD [34], [38], [39], [40].