VWF and coronary artery disorder: To help clarify whether activated coagulation and fibrinolysis play an etiological role in the development of CHD, future investigations should involve complementary approaches to help judge causality, such as study of potential interrelations with ABO(H) blood groups [46], [47]; investigation of more direct markers such as t-PA activity or VWF multimer patterns [6]; and mendelian randomization studies using genetic variants as potentially unconfounded proxies for circulating levels of these markers [48]–[51].