CD4 and AIDS: Three landmark trials have shown that ART initiated within 2–3 weeks after starting TB therapy in patients with HIV-associated tuberculosis and a CD4<50 cells/mm3 results in a reduction in death and AIDS.[4]–[6] Where HIV-TB services are not integrated, hospitalized HIV-TB patients are referred to primary community ART clinics after discharge, resulting in unnecessary delay of ART initiation and this likely increases mortality.