When the data were analyzed as the percent of positive responders above a negative threshold (6853 LU; dotted line in Figure 1A), immunoreactivity against HBZ was detected in 10.34% (15/145) of AC, 12.36% (11/89) of ATL patients, and 13.46% (14/104) of HAM/TSP patients (Figure 1B and Table 2). Here, HBZ is linked to tropical spastic paraparesis.