TGFB1 and Granuloma: In AE patients, as observed in the mouse model, a strong immunostaining for TGF-β1 was observed in most lymphocytes and macrophages in the periparasitic infiltrate, as well as in Kupffer cells, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells in hepatic sinusoids, especially around the granulomas, and in infiltrating immune cells of portal spaces (Fig. 4).