Elevated levels of IL-32 were found in sera from patients infected with influenza A virus [13-15], hepatitis B virus (HBV) [16], hepatitis C virus (HCV) [17], human papillomavirus (HPV) [18] and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) [19-21], suggesting that IL-32 might play an important role in host defense against viral infections. Here, IL32 is linked to viral infectious disease.