Adipose tissue of obese individuals and patients with T2D is characterized by increased expression and/or secretion of several proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-18, IL-6), chemokines (e.g., C-C motif ligand (CCL 2)), macrophage markers (e.g., CD68 and CD14), and adipokines (leptin), and decreased expression of the insulin-sensitizing adipokine, adiponectin [69]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and type 2 diabetes mellitus.