TLR4 and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a transmembrane receptor which signals through adaptor proteins in activating downstream effectors that include nuclear factor kB (NF-kB) [184], mitogen-activated protein kinase, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) [185] that control cell survival and apoptosis [186], and plays a critical role in mediating the activation of Kupffer cells in the response to LPS in NAFLD [23, 187].