CTLA4 and cancer: We anticipate that this approach will not only improve cancer diagnosis and stratification but also represents an informative tool to monitor the response of patients, in particular, the one treated by immunotherapy such as cytokine therapeutics, antibody therapy (anti-CTLA4 and anti-PD1), or adoptive T cell therapy that augment the function of anti-tumor immune response in tumor microenvironment to cue cancer (Weiner, 2008).