TNF and infection: After infection, both DC and macrophage populations also showed an increased expression of cytokine or chemokine mRNA's involved in inflammation (e.g. Nos2, Spp1, TNF, Ltb, MIF, IL-6 and IL-1α), and interestingly they had increased expression of cytokine mRNA's that can function in the recruitment and activation of T cells (e.g. CCL4, CCL8, CxCL11 and IL-15).