TGFB1 and diabetic kidney disease: Virtually all of the molecular mediators and intracellular signalling pathways that have been identified in diabetic nephropathy, have also been found to stimulate renal TGFβ activity as an intermediary step including: high glucose concentration [25], reactive oxygen species [26], angiotensin II [27], exposure to advanced glycation end-products [28], protein kinase C activation [29] and endothelin [30].