The majority of the 11 p-Smad2/3 downregulated genes we identified here have not been previously linked with TGF-β/Smad2/3 signaling, with the exception of Vim, which is regulated by the TGF-β pathway during the EMT transition of many cell types [6], [7], including pancreatic [81] and gastric [82] cancer. Here, VIM is linked to cancer.