It may also activate NFκB, inducing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha and beta, interleukins (IL) 1α and 6, interferon gamma, endothelin-1 (EL-1), VCAM-1, selectin-1, tissue factor, thrombomodulin, tissue growth factor, and vascular endothelial growth factor (a specific mitogen of endothelial cells involved in angiogenesis and a mediator of late complications of diabetes) [25,50]. Here, TNF is linked to diabetes mellitus.