Our observation that aPWV increased to a greater extent with age in males versus females is consistent with data from another study that identified male gender as an independent determinant of increased aPWV in a large cohort of people with CKD [17].The increase in AS with age is proposed to be due to overproduction of abnormal collagen fibres and a loss of elastin from the extracellular matrix [9], [37]. This evidence concerns the gene ELN and chronic kidney disease.