IL1B and Parkinson disease: First, several reports have demonstrated that macrophage-like cells, such as microglia, have to be primed with LPS to ensure robust induction of pro-IL-1β [33], [34], [35]; this experimental approach not only hampers the possibility of verifying whether an agonist promotes by itself the expression of the cytokine but, most importantly, it does not replicate the in vivo situation of PD patients, in whose brains LPS is not present.