BRAF and melanoma: Indeed, human melanomas reportedly showed no difference in baseline levels of autophagy as detected by number of autophagic vacuoles/cell in patients whose tumors harbored mutations in BRAF or NRAS or who were wild type for both genes [49], although this study, too, was limited by small numbers, as well as the lack of observed mutations of homozygous deletions of pten, the most common mutation in melanoma to impact PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling [49].