TNF and asthma: IGFBP-3 also inhibits NF-κB signaling in normal lung epithelial cells via activation of the IGFBP-3R that involves activation of caspase pathway and degradation of IκBα and p65-NF-κB proteins, thereby inhibiting TNF-α-induced activation of NF-κB signaling cascades and blocking the physiological manifestations of asthma and bronchial inflammation [12].