Since MCP-1 levels are indicative of monocyte adhesion in cells, we performed a monocyte adhesion experiment that showed that HAECs treated with TNF-α lead to a two-fold increase in monocyte adhesion to a monolayer of heart cells and infection with Ad:IGFBP-3 inhibited monocyte adhesion to HAEC cells (Figure 5D). Here, TNF is linked to infection.