PPIF and Alzheimer disease: To determine the direct effect of CypD, we compared axonal mitochondrial distribution between cultured nonTg and CypD-deficient (Ppif−/−) hippocampal neurons after exposure to 200 nM oligomeric Aβ1-42 or rAβ (reversed sequence of Aβ1-42) for 24 hours to mimic low in vivo levels and chronic Aβ insults in AD brain.