IFNG and peritonitis: Even though both isoflurane and sevoflurane have been associated with neuronal injury, apoptosis and cognitive problems in pre-clinical studies [27], [28], they seem to have minimal effect in our highly focused neuroinflammation model, and could therefore be considered “permissive.” However, others have reported that pretreatment, or delayed treatment with isoflurane reduced LPS and interferon-gamma induced microglial cell injury [14], [15], [20] and down-regulated peripheral pro-inflammatory cytokines after zymosan induced peritonitis [13].