Since Nod1−/− mice are more susceptible than WT to early Streptococcus pneumoniae sepsis, and conversely, that PGN recognition by Nod1 enhances killing of S. pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus by neutrophils [19], it is conceivable that the observed downregulation of NOD1 caused by CsA may also impair the capacity of neutrophils from renal transplant recipients to kill Gram-positive bacteria. This evidence concerns the gene NOD1 and streptococcal pneumonia.