Analysis of the TLR expression on 28 subjects (n = 10 subjects with normal pulmonary function, n = 18 subjects with COPD) revealed that the percentage of lung CD8+ T cells expressing TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR6, and TLR2/1 was significantly increased in subjects with COPD compared to the subjects without COPD (Figure 2 and Figure 3, left panel). Here, TLR6 is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.