The finding that an increased percentage of lung CD8+ T cells express TLR1, TLR2, TLR2/1, TLR4 and TLR6 in COPD subjects extends to human lung parenchyma and to a specific disease state the results of previous studies of peripheral blood from healthy humans[16,19,20,26,27]. The gene discussed is TLR4; the disease is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.