Of interest, while CpG effectively protected FXR+/+ mice against development of colitis, it had no effect on severity of TNBS colitis in FXR−/− mice (Figure 5; n = 6; p<0.05), suggesting that FXR is a non-dispensable component of the protective mechanism activated by TLR9 in this model. This evidence concerns the gene TLR9 and colitis.